The Characteristic Toric Splitting of Irreducible Compact 3-Orbifolds.
Given a map f: X→Y and a Nielsen root class, there is a number associated to this root class, which is the minimal number of points among all root classes which are H-related to the given one for all homotopies H of the map f. We show that for maps between closed surfaces it is possible to deform f such that all the Nielsen root classes have cardinality equal to the minimal number if and only if either N R[f]≤1, or N R[f]>1 and f satisfies the Wecken property. Here N R[f] denotes the Nielsen...
A link L in S3 is universal if every closed, orientable 3-manifold is a covering of S3 branched over L. Thurston [1] proved that universal links exist and he asked if there is a universal knot, and also if the Whitehead link and the Figure-eight knot are universal. In [2], [3] we answered the first question by constructing a universal knot. The purpose of this paper is to prove that the Whitehead link and the Borromean rings, among others, are universal. The question about the Figure-eight knot...
In this work, we prove that every closed, orientable 3-manifold M3 which is a two-fold covering of S3 branched over a link, has type six.