The Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) technique is an important and well-developed area of classification, and to date many linear (and also nonlinear) discrimination methods have been put forward. A complication in applying LDA to real data occurs when the number of features exceeds that of observations. In this case, the covariance estimates do not have full rank, and thus cannot be inverted. There are a number of ways to deal with this problem. In this paper, we propose improving LDA in this...

Let $X$ and $Y$ be vector spaces over the same field $K$. Following the terminology of Richard Arens [Pacific J. Math. 11 (1961), 9–23], a relation $F$ of $X$ into $Y$ is called linear if $\lambda F\left(x\right)\subset F\left(\lambda x\right)$ and $F\left(x\right)+F\left(y\right)\subset F(x+y)$ for all $\lambda \in K\setminus \left\{0\right\}$ and $x,y\in X$. After improving and supplementing some former results on linear relations, we show that a relation $\Phi$ of a linearly independent subset $E$ of $X$ into $Y$ can be extended to a linear relation $F$ of $X$ into $Y$ if and only if there exists a linear subspace $Z$ of $Y$ such that $\Phi \left(e\right)\in Y|Z$ for all $e\in E$. Moreover, if $E$ generates...

We work in set-theory without choice ZF. Given a commutative field $𝕂$, we consider the statement $𝐃\left(𝕂\right)$: “On every non null $𝕂$-vector space there exists a non-null linear form.” We investigate various statements which are equivalent to $𝐃\left(𝕂\right)$ in ZF. Denoting by ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ the two-element field, we deduce that $𝐃\left({\mathbb{Z}}_2\right)$ implies the axiom of choice for pairs. We also deduce that $𝐃\left(\mathbb{Q}\right)$ implies the axiom of choice for linearly ordered sets isomorphic with $\mathbb{Z}$.

Let $\mathscr{H}$ be a complex Hilbert space, $A$ a positive operator with closed range in $ℬ\left(\mathscr{H}\right)$ and ${ℬ}_A\left(\mathscr{H}\right)$ the sub-algebra of $ℬ\left(\mathscr{H}\right)$ of all $A$-self-adjoint operators. Assume $\phi :{ℬ}_A\left(\mathscr{H}\right)$ onto itself is a linear continuous map. This paper shows that if $\phi$ preserves $A$-unitary operators such that $\phi \left(I\right)=P$ then $\psi$ defined by $\psi \left(T\right)=P\phi \left(PT\right)$ is a homomorphism or an anti-homomorphism and $\psi \left(T^{♯}\right)=\psi {\left(T\right)}^{♯}$ for all $T\in {ℬ}_A\left(\mathscr{H}\right)$, where $P=A^{+}A$ and $A^{+}$ is the Moore-Penrose inverse of $A$. A similar result is also true if $\phi$ preserves $A$-quasi-unitary operators in both directions such that there exists an...

Let X and Y be Banach spaces and ℬ(X) and ℬ(Y) the algebras of all bounded linear operators on X and Y, respectively. We say that A,B ∈ ℬ(X) quasi-commute if there exists a nonzero scalar ω such that AB = ωBA. We characterize bijective linear maps ϕ : ℬ(X) → ℬ(Y) preserving quasi-commutativity. In fact, such a characterization can be proved for much more general algebras. In the finite-dimensional case the same result can be obtained without the bijectivity assumption.

The set of all $m\times n$ Boolean matrices is denoted by ${𝕄}_{m,n}$. We call a matrix $A\in {𝕄}_{m,n}$ regular if there is a matrix $G\in {𝕄}_{n,m}$ such that $AGA=A$. In this paper, we study the problem of characterizing linear operators on ${𝕄}_{m,n}$ that strongly preserve regular matrices. Consequently, we obtain that if $min\{m,n\}\le 2$, then all operators on ${𝕄}_{m,n}$ strongly preserve regular matrices, and if $min\{m,n\}\ge 3$, then an operator $T$ on ${𝕄}_{m,n}$ strongly preserves regular matrices if and only if there are invertible matrices $U$ and $V$ such that $T\left(X\right)=UXV$ for all $X\in {𝕄}_{m,n}$, or $m=n$ and $T\left(X\right)=U{X}^{T}V$ for all $X\in {𝕄}_n$.

The maximal column rank of an m by n matrix is the maximal number of the columns of A which are linearly independent. We compare the maximal column rank with rank of matrices over a nonbinary Boolean algebra. We also characterize the linear operators which preserve the maximal column ranks of matrices over nonbinary Boolean algebra.

The Boolean rank of a nonzero $m\times n$ Boolean matrix $A$ is the minimum number $k$ such that there exist an $m\times k$ Boolean matrix $B$ and a $k\times n$ Boolean matrix $C$ such that $A=BC$. In the previous research L. B. Beasley and N. J. Pullman obtained that a linear operator preserves Boolean rank if and only if it preserves Boolean ranks $1$ and $2$. In this paper we extend this characterizations of linear operators that preserve the Boolean ranks of Boolean matrices. That is, we obtain that a linear operator preserves Boolean rank...

Let $A$ be a Boolean $\{0,1\}$ matrix. The isolation number of $A$ is the maximum number of ones in $A$ such that no two are in any row or any column (that is they are independent), and no two are in a $2\times 2$ submatrix of all ones. The isolation number of $A$ is a lower bound on the Boolean rank of $A$. A linear operator on the set of $m\times n$ Boolean matrices is a mapping which is additive and maps the zero matrix, $O$, to itself. A mapping strongly preserves a set, $S$, if it maps the set $S$ into the set $S$ and the complement of...

Let ${𝐌}_{m,n}$ be the set of all $m\times n$ real matrices. A matrix $A\in {𝐌}_{m,n}$ is said to be row-dense if there are no zeros between two nonzero entries for every row of this matrix. We find the structure of linear functions $T:{𝐌}_{m,n}\to {𝐌}_{m,n}$ that preserve or strongly preserve row-dense matrices, i.e., $T\left(A\right)$ is row-dense whenever $A$ is row-dense or $T\left(A\right)$ is row-dense if and only if $A$ is row-dense, respectively. Similarly, a matrix $A\in {𝐌}_{n,m}$ is called a column-dense matrix if every column of $A$ is a column-dense vector. At the end, the structure of linear...

We introduce linear transformations of Euclidean topological spaces given by a transformation matrix. Next, we prove selected properties and basic arithmetic operations on these linear transformations. Finally, we show that a linear transformation given by an invertible matrix is a homeomorphism.