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This paper is devoted to new algebraic structures, called qualgebras and squandles. Topologically, they emerge as an algebraic counterpart of knotted 3-valent graphs, just like quandles can be seen as an "algebraization" of knots. Algebraically, they are modeled after groups with conjugation and multiplication/squaring operations. We discuss basic properties of these structures, and introduce and study the notions of qualgebra/squandle 2-cocycles and 2-coboundaries. Knotted 3-valent graph invariants...
We give criteria for framed links and 3-manifolds to be periodic of prime order. As applications we show that the Poincaré sphere is of periodicity 2, 3, 5 only and the Brieskorn sphere Σ(2,3,7) is of periodicity 2, 3, 7 only.
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