A homomorphism of an oriented graph $G=(V,A)$ to an oriented graph $G^{\text{'}}=(V^{\text{'}},A^{\text{'}})$ is a mapping $\varphi$ from $V$ to $V^{\text{'}}$ such that $\varphi \left(u\right)\varphi \left(v\right)$ is an arc in $G^{\text{'}}$ whenever $uv$ is an arc in $G$. A homomorphism of $G$ to $G^{\text{'}}$ is said to be $T$-preserving for some oriented graph $T$ if for every connected subgraph $H$ of $G$ isomorphic to a subgraph of $T$, $H$ is isomorphic to its homomorphic image in $G^{\text{'}}$. The $T$-preserving oriented chromatic number ${\overrightarrow{\chi }}_T\left(G\right)$ of an oriented graph $G$ is the minimum number of vertices in an oriented graph $G^{\text{'}}$ such that there exists a $T$-preserving...

The 1, 2, 3-Conjecture states that the edges of a graph without isolated edges can be labeled from {1, 2, 3} so that the sums of labels at adjacent vertices are distinct. The 1, 2-Conjecture states that if vertices also receive labels and the vertex label is added to the sum of its incident edge labels, then adjacent vertices can be distinguished using only {1, 2}. We show that various configurations cannot occur in minimal counterexamples to these conjectures. Discharging then confirms the conjectures...

Let G be a nontrivial connected graph with an edge-coloring c : E(G) → {1, 2, . . . , q}, q ∈ ℕ, where adjacent edges may be colored the same. A tree T in G is a rainbow tree if no two edges of T receive the same color. For a vertex subset S ⊆ V (G), a tree that connects S in G is called an S-tree. The minimum number of colors that are needed in an edge-coloring of G such that there is a rainbow S-tree for each k-subset S of V (G) is called the k-rainbow index of G, denoted by rxk(G). In this paper,...

A balanced colouring of a graph G is a colouring of some of the vertices of G with two colours, say red and blue, such that there is the same number of vertices in each colour. The balanced decomposition number f(G) of G is the minimum integer s with the following property: For any balanced colouring of G, there is a partition V (G) = V1 ∪˙ · · · ∪˙ Vr such that, for every i, Vi induces a connected subgraph of order at most s, and contains the same number of red and blue vertices. The function f(G)...

By h(G,x) and P(G,λ) we denote the adjoint polynomial and the chromatic polynomial of graph G, respectively. A new invariant of graph G, which is the fourth character R₄(G), is given in this paper. Using the properties of the adjoint polynomials, the adjoint equivalence class of graph $B_{n-6,1,2}$ is determined, which can be regarded as the continuance of the paper written by Wang et al. [J. Wang, R. Liu, C. Ye and Q. Huang, A complete solution to the chromatic equivalence class of graph $\overline{B_{n-7,1,3}}$, Discrete Math....

We study problems related to the chromatic number of a random intersection graph G (n,m, p). We introduce two new algorithms which colour G (n,m, p) with almost optimum number of colours with probability tending to 1 as n → ∞. Moreover we find a range of parameters for which the chromatic number of G (n,m, p) asymptotically equals its clique number.

One consequence of Hedetniemi’s conjecture on the chromatic number of the product of graphs is that the bound $\chi (G\times H)\ge min\{{\chi }_f\left(G\right),{\chi }_f\left(H\right)\}$ should always hold. We prove that $\chi (G\times H)\ge \frac{1}{2}min\{{\chi }_f\left(G\right),{\chi }_f\left(H\right)\}$.

In this note, all chromatic equivalence classes for 2-connected 3-chromatic graphs with five triangles and cyclomatic number six are described. New families of chromatically unique graphs of order n are presented for each n ≥ 8. This is a generalization of a result stated in [5]. Moreover, a proof for the conjecture posed in [5] is given.

Suppose a graph $G=(V,E)$ whose edges are partitioned into $p$ disjoint categories (colors) is given. In the color-balanced spanning tree problem a spanning tree is looked for that minimizes the variability in the number of edges from different categories. We show that polynomiality of this problem depends on the number $p$ of categories and present some polynomial algorithm.

In a graph, by definition, the weight of a (proper) coloring with positive integers is the sum of the colors. The chromatic sum is the minimum weight, taken over all the proper colorings. The minimum number of colors in a coloring of minimum weight is the cost chromatic number or strength of the graph. We derive general upper bounds for the strength, in terms of a new parameter of representations by edge intersections of hypergraphs.

The Directed Path Partition Conjecture is the following: If D is a digraph that contains no path with more than λ vertices then, for every pair (a,b) of positive integers with λ = a+b, there exists a vertex partition (A,B) of D such that no path in D⟨A⟩ has more than a vertices and no path in D⟨B⟩ has more than b vertices. We develop methods for finding the desired partitions for various classes of digraphs.