In this paper we introduce the concept of an -representation of an algebra which is a common generalization of subdirect, full subdirect and weak direct representation of . Here we characterize such representations in terms of congruence relations.
We develop a general axiomatic theory of algebraic pairs, which simultaneously generalizes several algebraic structures, in order to bypass negation as much as feasible. We investigate several classical theorems and notions in this setting including fractions, integral extensions, and Hilbert's Nullstellensatz. Finally, we study a notion of growth in this context.
Some geometrical methods, the so called Triangular Schemes and Principles, are introduced and investigated for weak congruences of algebras. They are analogues of the corresponding notions for congruences. Particular versions of Triangular Schemes are equivalent to weak congruence modularity and to weak congruence distributivity. For algebras in congruence permutable varieties, stronger properties—Triangular Principles—are equivalent to weak congruence modularity and distributivity.
We study a class of strongly solvable modes, called differential modes. We characterize abelian algebras in this class and prove that all of them are quasi-affine, i.e., they are subreducts of modules over commutative rings.
The clone lattice Cl(X) over an infinite set X is a complete algebraic lattice with compact elements. We show that every algebraic lattice with at most compact elements is a complete sublattice of Cl(X).