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Free and non-free subgroups of the fundamental group of the Hawaiian Earrings

Andreas Zastrow (2003)

Open Mathematics

The space which is composed by embedding countably many circles in such a way into the plane that their radii are given by a null-sequence and that they all have a common tangent point is called “The Hawaiian Earrings”. The fundamental group of this space is known to be a subgroup of the inverse limit of the finitely generated free groups, and it is known to be not free. Within the recent move of trying to get hands on the algebraic invariants of non-tame (e.g. non-triangulable) spaces this space...

Fundamental groups of one-dimensional spaces

Gerhard Dorfer, Jörg M. Thuswaldner, Reinhard Winkler (2013)

Fundamenta Mathematicae

Let X be a metrizable one-dimensional continuum. We describe the fundamental group of X as a subgroup of its Čech homotopy group. In particular, the elements of the Čech homotopy group are represented by sequences of words. Among these sequences the elements of the fundamental group are characterized by a simple stabilization condition. This description of the fundamental group is used to give a new algebro-combinatorial proof of a result due to Eda on continuity properties of homomorphisms from...

Fundamental pro-groupoids and covering projections

Luis Hernández-Paricio (1998)

Fundamenta Mathematicae

We introduce a new notion of covering projection E → X of a topological space X which reduces to the usual notion if X is locally connected. We use locally constant presheaves and covering reduced sieves to find a pro-groupoid π crs (X) and an induced category pro (π crs (X), Sets) such that for any topological space X the category of covering projections and transformations of X is equivalent to the category pro (π crs (X), Sets). We also prove that the latter category is equivalent to pro (π CX,...

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