The singularities occurring in any sort of ordering are known in physics as defects. In an organized fluid defects may occur both at microscopic (molecular) and at macroscopic scales when hydrodynamic ordered structures are developed. Such a fluid system serves as a model for the study of the evolution towards a strong disorder (chaos) and it is found that the singularities play an important role in the nature of the chaos. Moreover both types of defects become coupled at the onset of turbulence....

Si considerano due spazi $S_{\mu }$ e $S_{\nu }^{\ast }$, Riemanniani e a metrica eventualmente indefinita, riferiti a sistemi di co-ordinate $\mathrm{\varnothing }$ e ${\mathrm{\varnothing }}_{\nu }^{\ast }$; e inoltre un doppio tensore $T_{\mathrm{\cdots }}^{\mathrm{\cdots }}$ associato ai punti ${\mathrm{\varnothing }}^{-1}(x)\in S_{\mu }$ e ${\mathrm{\varnothing }}^{\ast -1}(y)\in S^{\ast }$. Si pensa $T_{\mathrm{\cdots }}^{\mathrm{\cdots }}$ dato da una funzione ${\tilde{T}}_{\mathrm{\cdots }}^{\mathrm{\cdots }}$ di $m$ altri tali doppi tensori e di variabili puntuali $x(\in {\mathrm{\Re }}^{\mu })$, $t\in \mathrm{\Re }$ e $y(\in {\mathrm{\Re }}^{\nu })$; poi si considera la funzione composta $${\widehat{T}}_{\mathrm{\cdots }}^{\mathrm{\cdots }}(x,t,y)={\tilde{T}}_{\mathrm{\cdots }}^{\mathrm{\cdots }}[\underset{1,\mathrm{\dots },m}{\underbrace{{\breve{H}}_{\mathrm{\cdots }}^{\mathrm{\cdots }}(x,t,y),\mathrm{\dots },{\breve{H}}_{\mathrm{\cdots }}^{\mathrm{\cdots }}(x,t,y)}},x,t,y].$$ Nella Parte I si scrivono due regole per eseguire la derivazione totale di questa, connessa con una mappa $\widehat{ℰ}$

This paper outlines recent developments and prospects in the application of the continuum mechanics expressed intrinsically on the material manifold itself. This includes applications to materially inhomogeneous materials, physical effects which, in this vision, manifest themselves as quasi-inhomogeneities, and the notion of thermodynamical driving force of the dissipative progress of singular point sets on the material manifold with special emphasis on fracture, shock waves and phase-transition...