If f:G → H is a group homomorphism and p,q are the projections from the free product G*H onto its factors G and H respectively, let the group ${}_f\subseteq G*H$ be the equalizer of fp and q:G*H → H. Then p restricts to an epimorphism $p_f{=p|}_f{:}_f\to G$. A right inverse (section) $G{\to }_f$ of $p_f$ is called a coaction on G. In this paper we study ${}_f$ and the sections of $p_f$. We consider the following topics: the structure of ${}_f$ as a free product, the restrictions on G resulting from the existence of a coaction, maps of coactions and...

The profinite topology on any abstract group $G$, is one such that the fundamental system of neighborhoods of the identity is given by all its subgroups of finite index. We say that a group $G$ has the Ribes-Zalesskii property of rank $k$, or is RZ${}_k$ with $k$ a natural number, if any product $H_1{H}_2\cdots H_k$ of finitely generated subgroups $H_1,H_2,\cdots ,H_k$ is closed in the profinite topology on $G$. And a group is said to have the Ribes-Zalesskii property or is RZ if it is RZ${}_k$ for any natural number $k$. In this paper we characterize...

A group $G$ is said to be a $𝒞$-group if for every divisor $d$ of the order of $G$, there exists a subgroup $H$ of $G$ of order $d$ such that $H$ is normal or abnormal in $G$. We give a complete classification of those groups which are not $𝒞$-groups but all of whose proper subgroups are $𝒞$-groups.

Let $G$ be a group. If every nontrivial subgroup of $G$ has a proper supplement, then $G$ is called an $aS$-group. We study some properties of $aS$-groups. For instance, it is shown that a nilpotent group $G$ is an $aS$-group if and only if $G$ is a subdirect product of cyclic groups of prime orders. We prove that if $G$ is an $aS$-group which satisfies the descending chain condition on subgroups, then $G$ is finite. Among other results, we characterize all abelian groups for which every nontrivial quotient group...

We consider all the non-metabelian groups $G$ of order $144$ that have exponent either $36$ or $72$ and deduce the unit group $U\left({𝔽}_{q}G\right)$ of semisimple group algebra ${𝔽}_{q}G$. Here, $q$ denotes the power of a prime, i.e., $q=p^r$ for $p$ prime and a positive integer $r$. Up to isomorphism, there are $6$ groups of order $144$ that have exponent either $36$ or $72$. Additionally, we also discuss how to simply obtain the unit groups of the semisimple group algebras of those non-metabelian groups of order $144$ that are a direct product of two...

In this note we study sets of normal generators of finitely presented residually $p$-finite groups. We show that if an infinite, finitely presented, residually $p$-finite group $G$ is normally generated by $g_1,\cdots ,g_k$ with order $n_1,\cdots ,n_k\in \{1,2,\cdots \}\cup \left\{\infty \right\}$, then $${\beta }_1^{\left(2\right)}\left(G\right)\le k-1-\sum _{i=1}^k\frac{1}{n_i},$$ where ${\beta }_1^{\left(2\right)}\left(G\right)$ denotes the first ${\ell }^2$-Betti number of $G$. We also show that any $k$-generated group with ${\beta }_1^{\left(2\right)}\left(G\right)\ge k-1-\epsilon$ must have girth greater than or equal $1/\epsilon$.

Let $k$ be a fixed integer. We study the asymptotic formula of $R(H,r,k)$, which is the number of positive integer solutions $1\le x,y,z\le H$ such that the polynomial $x^2+y^2+z^2+k$ is $r$-free. We obtained the asymptotic formula of $R(H,r,k)$ for all $r\ge 2$. Our result is new even in the case $r=2$. We proved that $R(H,2,k)=c_k{H}^3+O\left(H^{9/4+\epsilon }\right)$, where $c_k>0$ is a constant depending on $k$. This improves upon the error term $O\left(H^{7/3+\epsilon }\right)$ obtained by G.-L. Zhou, Y. Ding (2022).

We show that for any given integer $k$ there exist infinitely many consecutive square-free numbers of the type $x^2+y^2+z^2+k$, $x^2+y^2+z^2+k+1$. We also establish an asymptotic formula for $1\le x,y,z\le H$ such that $x^2+y^2+z^2+k$, $x^2+y^2+z^2+k+1$ are square-free. The method we used in this paper is due to Tolev.

It is shown that there exists a $\sigma$-compact topological group which cannot be represented as a continuous image of a Lindelöf $p$-group, see Example 2.8. This result is based on an inequality for the cardinality of continuous images of Lindelöf $p$-groups (Theorem 2.1). A closely related result is Corollary 4.4: if a space $Y$ is a continuous image of a Lindelöf $p$-group, then there exists a covering $\gamma$ of $Y$ by dyadic compacta such that $\left|\gamma \right|\le 2^{\omega }$. We also show that if a homogeneous compact space $Y$ is...

Let $G$ be a finite group. The main supergraph $𝒮\left(G\right)$ is a graph with vertex set $G$ in which two vertices $x$ and $y$ are adjacent if and only if $o\left(x\right)\mid o\left(y\right)$ or $o\left(y\right)\mid o\left(x\right)$. In this paper, we will show that $G\cong Sz\left(q\right)$ if and only if $𝒮\left(G\right)\cong 𝒮\left(Sz\right(q\left)\right)$, where $q=2^{2m+1}\ge 8$.

Let $G$ be a group and $m$ be an integer greater than or equal to $2$. $G$ is said to be $m$-permutable if every product of $m$ elements can be reordered at least in one way. We prove that, if $G$ has a centre of finite index $z$, then $G$ is $(1+[z/2])$-permutable. More bounds are given on the least $m$ such that $G$ is $m$-permutable.

We consider $k$-free numbers over Beatty sequences. New results are given. In particular, for a fixed irrational number $\alpha >1$ of finite type $\tau <\infty$ and any constant $\epsilon >0$, we can show that $$\sum _{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{1\le n\le x}{[\alpha n+\beta ]\in {𝒬}_k}}1-\frac{x}{\zeta \left(k\right)}\ll x^{k/(2k-1)+\epsilon }+x^{1-1/(\tau +1)+\epsilon },$$ where ${𝒬}_k$ is the set of positive $k$-free integers and the implied constant depends only on $\alpha ,$ $\epsilon ,$ $k$ and $\beta .$ This improves previous results. The main new ingredient of our idea is employing double exponential sums of the type $$\sum _{1\le h\le H}\sum _{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{1\le n\le x}{n\in {𝒬}_k}}e\left(\vartheta hn\right).$$

Let $G$ be a finite group and let $\pi \left(G\right)=\{p_1,p_2,...,p_k\}$ be the set of prime divisors of $\left|G\right|$ for which $p_1<p_2<\cdots <p_k$. The Gruenberg-Kegel graph of $G$, denoted $GK\left(G\right)$, is defined as follows: its vertex set is $\pi \left(G\right)$ and two different vertices $p_i$ and $p_j$ are adjacent by an edge if and only if $G$ contains an element of order $p_i{p}_j$. The degree of a vertex $p_i$ in $\mathrm{GK}\left(G\right)$ is denoted by $d_G\left(p_i\right)$ and the $k$-tuple $D\left(G\right)=(d_G\left(p_1\right),d_G\left(p_2\right),...,d_G\left(p_k\right))$ is said to be the degree pattern of $G$. Moreover, if $\omega \subseteq \pi \left(G\right)$ is the vertex set of a connected component of $GK\left(G\right)$, then the largest $\omega$-number which divides $\left|G\right|$, is...

If the space $𝒬$ of quadratic forms in ${ℝ}^n$ is splitted in a direct sum ${𝒬}_1\oplus ...\oplus {𝒬}_k$ and if $X$ and $Y$ are independent random variables of ${ℝ}^n$, assume that there exist a real number $a$ such that $E\left(X\right|X+Y)=a(X+Y)$ and real distinct numbers $b_1,...,b_k$ such that $E\left(q\left(X\right)\right|X+Y)=b_{i}q(X+Y)$ for any $q$ in ${𝒬}_i.$ We prove that this happens only when $k=2$, when ${ℝ}^n$ can be structured in a Euclidean Jordan algebra and when $X$ and $Y$ have Wishart distributions corresponding to this structure.

For a finite group $G$ denote by $N\left(G\right)$ the set of conjugacy class sizes of $G$. In 1980s, J. G. Thompson posed the following conjecture: If $L$ is a finite nonabelian simple group, $G$ is a finite group with trivial center and $N\left(G\right)=N\left(L\right)$, then $G\cong L$. We prove this conjecture for an infinite class of simple groups. Let $p$ be an odd prime. We show that every finite group $G$ with the property $Z\left(G\right)=1$ and $N\left(G\right)=N\left(A_i\right)$ is necessarily isomorphic to $A_i$, where $i\in \{2p,2p+1\}$.