A (finite) acyclic connected graph is called a tree. Let be a finite nonempty set, and let be the set of all trees with the property that is the vertex set of . We will find a one-to-one correspondence between and the set of all binary operations on which satisfy a certain set of three axioms (stated in this note).
The motivation for considering positive additive functions on trees was a characterization of extended Dynkin graphs (see I. Reiten [R]) and applications of additive functions in representation theory (see H. Lenzing and I. Reiten [LR] and T. Hübner [H]). We consider graphs equipped with integer-valued functions, i.e. valued graphs (see also [DR]). Methods are given for constructing additive functions on valued trees (in particular on Euclidean graphs) and for characterizing...
Let be an infinite locally finite tree. We say that has exactly one end, if in any two one-way infinite paths have a common rest (infinite subpath). The paper describes the structure of such trees and tries to formalize it by algebraic means, namely by means of acyclic monounary algebras or tree semilattices. In these algebraic structures the homomorpisms and direct products are considered and investigated with the aim of showing, whether they give algebras with the required properties. At...
We prove that the smallest cardinality of a maximal packing in any tree is at most the cardinality of an R-annihilated set. As a corollary to this result we point out that a set of parameters of trees involving packing, perfect neighbourhood, R-annihilated, irredundant and dominating sets is totally ordered. The class of trees for which all these parameters are equal is described and we give an example of a tree in which most of them are distinct.
The reconstruction of evolutionary trees is one of the primary objectives in phylogenetics. Such a tree represents historical evolutionary relationships between different species or organisms. Tree comparisons are used for multiple purposes, from unveiling the history of species to deciphering evolutionary associations among organisms and geographical areas. In this paper, we describe a general method for comparing phylogenetic trees and give some basic properties of the Matching Split metric, which...