For a ternary quadratic form over the rational numbers, we characterize the set of rational numbers represented by that form over the rational numbers. Consequently, we reprove the classical fact that any positive definite integral ternary quadratic form must fail to represent infinitely many positive integers over the rational numbers. Our proof uses only the quadratic reciprocity law and the Hasse-Minkowski theorem, and is elementary.
Let ℕ represent the positive integers and ℕ₀ the non-negative integers. If b ∈ ℕ and Γ is a multiplicatively closed subset of , then the set is a multiplicative submonoid of ℕ known as a congruence monoid. An arithmetical congruence monoid (or ACM) is a congruence monoid where Γ = ā consists of a single element. If is an ACM, then we represent it with the notation M(a,b) = (a + bℕ₀) ∪ 1, where a, b ∈ ℕ and a² ≡ a (mod b). A classical 1954 result of James and Niven implies that the only ACM...
Let t, b be mutually prime positive integers. We say that the residue class t mod b is basic if there exists n such that tn ≡ -1 mod b; otherwise t is not basic. In this paper we relate the basic character of t mod b to the quadratic character of t modulo the prime factors of b. If all prime factors p of b satisfy p ≡ 3 mod 4, then t is basic mod b if t is a quadratic non-residue mod p for all such p; and t is not basic mod b if t is a quadratic residue mod p for all such p. If, for all prime factors...
Employing concepts from additive number theory, together with results on binary evaluations and partial series, we establish bounds on the density of 1’s in the binary expansions of real algebraic numbers. A central result is that if a real has algebraic degree , then the number of 1-bits in the expansion of through bit position satisfiesfor a positive number (depending on ) and sufficiently large . This in itself establishes the transcendency of a class of reals where the integer-valued...
Let H(n) = σ(ϕ(n))/ϕ(σ(n)), where ϕ(n) is Euler's function and σ(n) stands for the sum of the positive divisors of n. We obtain the maximal and minimal orders of H(n) as well as its average order, and we also prove two density theorems. In particular, we answer a question raised by Golomb.