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Ring elements as sums of units

Charles Lanski, Attila Maróti (2009)

Open Mathematics

In an Artinian ring R every element of R can be expressed as the sum of two units if and only if R/J(R) does not contain a summand isomorphic to the field with two elements. This result is used to describe those finite rings R for which Γ(R) contains a Hamiltonian cycle where Γ(R) is the (simple) graph defined on the elements of R with an edge between vertices r and s if and only if r - s is invertible. It is also shown that for an Artinian ring R the number of connected components of the graph...

Rings whose modules have maximal submodules.

Carl Faith (1995)

Publicacions Matemàtiques

A ring R is a right max ring if every right module M ≠ 0 has at least one maximal submodule. It suffices to check for maximal submodules of a single module and its submodules in order to test for a max ring; namely, any cogenerating module E of mod-R; also it suffices to check the submodules of the injective hull E(V) of each simple module V (Theorem 1). Another test is transfinite nilpotence of the radical of E in the sense that radα E = 0; equivalently, there is an ordinal α such that radα(E(V))...

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