Automorphisms of Locally Nilpotent FC-Groups.
A metacyclic group can be presented as , , for some , , , . Each endomorphism of is determined by , for some integers , , , . We give sufficient and necessary conditions on , , , for to be an automorphism.
We establish the following model-theoretic characterization of the fragment IΔ₀ + Exp + BΣ₁ of Peano arithmetic in terms of fixed points of automorphisms of models of bounded arithmetic (the fragment IΔ₀ of Peano arithmetic with induction limited to Δ₀-formulae). Theorem A. The following two conditions are equivalent for a countable model of the language of arithmetic: (a) satisfies IΔ₀ + BΣ₁ + Exp; (b) for some nontrivial automorphism j of an end extension of that satisfies IΔ₀. Here is the...
Quasigroups were originally described combinatorially, in terms of existence and uniqueness conditions on the solutions to certain equations. Evans introduced a universal-algebraic characterization, as algebras with three binary operations satisfying four identities. Now, quasigroups are redefined as heterogeneous algebras, satisfying just two conditions respectively known as hypercommutativity and hypercancellativity.