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More on ordinals in topological groups

Aleksander V. Arhangel'skii, Raushan Z. Buzyakova (2008)

Commentationes Mathematicae Universitatis Carolinae

Let τ be an uncountable regular cardinal and G a T 1 topological group. We prove the following statements: (1) If τ is homeomorphic to a closed subspace of G , G is Abelian, and the order of every non-neutral element of G is greater than 5 then τ × τ embeds in G as a closed subspace. (2) If G is Abelian, algebraically generated by τ G , and the order of every element does not exceed 3 then τ × τ is not embeddable in G . (3) There exists an Abelian topological group H such that ω 1 is homeomorphic to a closed subspace...

n-Arc connected spaces

Benjamin Espinoza, Paul Gartside, Ana Mamatelashvili (2013)

Colloquium Mathematicae

A space is n-arc connected (n-ac) if any family of no more than n-points are contained in an arc. For graphs the following are equivalent: (i) 7-ac, (ii) n-ac for all n, (iii) continuous injective image of a closed subinterval of the real line, and (iv) one of a finite family of graphs. General continua that are ℵ₀-ac are characterized. The complexity of characterizing n-ac graphs for n = 2,3,4,5 is determined to be strictly higher than that of the stated characterization of 7-ac graphs.

No arc-connected treelike continuum is the 2-to-1 image of a continuum

Jo Heath, Van C. Nall (2003)

Fundamenta Mathematicae

In 1940, O. G. Harrold showed that no arc can be the exactly 2-to-1 continuous image of a metric continuum, and in 1947 W. H. Gottschalk showed that no dendrite is a 2-to-1 image. In 2003 we show that no arc-connected treelike continuum is the 2-to-1 image of a continuum.

Non-additivity of the fixed point property for tree-like continua

C. L. Hagopian, M. M. Marsh (2015)

Fundamenta Mathematicae

We investigate the fixed point property for tree-like continua that are unions of tree-like continua. We obtain a positive result if finitely many tree-like continua with the fixed point property have dendrites for pairwise intersections. Using Bellamy's seminal example, we define (i) a countable wedge X̂ of tree-like continua, each having the fpp, and X̂ admitting a fixed-point-free homeomorphism, and (ii) two tree-like continua H and K such that H, K, and H∩ K have the fixed point property, but...

Nonhyperbolic one-dimensional invariant sets with a countably infinite collection of inhomogeneities

Chris Good, Robin Knight, Brian Raines (2006)

Fundamenta Mathematicae

We examine the structure of countable closed invariant sets under a dynamical system on a compact metric space. We are motivated by a desire to understand the possible structures of inhomogeneities in one-dimensional nonhyperbolic sets (inverse limits of finite graphs), particularly when those inhomogeneities form a countable set. Using tools from descriptive set theory we prove a surprising restriction on the topological structure of these invariant sets if the map satisfies a weak repelling or...

Non-separating subcontinua of planar continua

D. Daniel, C. Islas, R. Leonel, E. D. Tymchatyn (2015)

Colloquium Mathematicae

We revisit an old question of Knaster by demonstrating that each non-degenerate plane hereditarily unicoherent continuum X contains a proper, non-degenerate subcontinuum which does not separate X.

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