The niche graph of a digraph D is the (simple undirected) graph which has the same vertex set as D and has an edge between two distinct vertices x and y if and only if N+D(x) ∩ N+D(y) ≠ ∅ or N−D(x) ∩ N−D(y) ≠ ∅, where N+D(x) (resp. N−D(x)) is the set of out-neighbors (resp. in-neighbors) of x in D. A digraph D = (V,A) is called a semiorder (or a unit interval order ) if there exist a real-valued function f : V → R on the set V and a positive real number δ ∈ R such that (x, y) ∈ A if and only if...

The recently announced Strong Perfect Graph Theorem states that the class of perfect graphs coincides with the class of graphs containing no induced odd cycle of length at least 5 or the complement of such a cycle. A graph in this second class is called Berge. A bull is a graph with five vertices $x,a,b,c,d$ and five edges $xa,xb,ab,ad,bc$. A graph is bull-reducible if no vertex is in two bulls. In this paper we give a simple proof that every bull-reducible Berge graph is perfect. Although this result follows directly from...

The recently announced Strong Perfect Graph Theorem states that the class of perfect graphs coincides with the class of graphs containing no induced odd cycle of length at least 5 or the complement of such a cycle. A graph in this second class is called Berge. A bull is a graph with five vertices x, a, b, c, d and five edges xa, xb, ab, ad, bc. A graph is bull-reducible if no vertex is in two bulls. In this paper we give a simple proof that every bull-reducible Berge graph is perfect. Although this...

The periphery graph of a median graph is the intersection graph of its peripheral subgraphs. We show that every graph without a universal vertex can be realized as the periphery graph of a median graph. We characterize those median graphs whose periphery graph is the join of two graphs and show that they are precisely Cartesian products of median graphs. Path-like median graphs are introduced as the graphs whose periphery graph has independence number 2, and it is proved that there are path-like...

The competition graph of a doubly partial order is known to be an interval graph. The CCE graph and the niche graph of a doubly partial order are also known to be interval graphs if the graphs do not contain a cycle of length four and three as an induced subgraph, respectively. Phylogeny graphs are variant of competition graphs. The phylogeny graph P(D) of a digraph D is the (simple undirected) graph defined by V (P(D)) := V (D) and E(P(D)) := {xy | N+D (x) ∩ N+D(y) ¹ ⊘ } ⋃ {xy | (x,y) ∈ A(D)},...

The scrambling index of an $n\times n$ primitive Boolean matrix $A$ is the smallest positive integer $k$ such that $A^k{\left(A^{\mathrm{T}}\right)}^k=J$, where $A^{\mathrm{T}}$ denotes the transpose of $A$ and $J$ denotes the $n\times n$ all ones matrix. For an $m\times n$ Boolean matrix $M$, its Boolean rank $b\left(M\right)$ is the smallest positive integer $b$ such that $M=AB$ for some $m\times b$ Boolean matrix $A$ and $b\times n$ Boolean matrix $B$. In 2009, M. Akelbek, S. Fital, and J. Shen gave an upper bound on the scrambling index of an $n\times n$ primitive matrix $M$ in terms of its Boolean rank $b\left(M\right)$, and they also characterized all primitive...

In this paper, the effects on the signless Laplacian spectral radius of a graph are studied when some operations, such as edge moving, edge subdividing, are applied to the graph. Moreover, the largest signless Laplacian spectral radius among the all unicyclic graphs with $n$ vertices and $k$ pendant vertices is identified. Furthermore, we determine the graphs with the largest Laplacian spectral radii among the all unicyclic graphs and bicyclic graphs with $n$ vertices and $k$ pendant vertices, respectively....

The strong isometric dimension of a reflexive graph is related to its injective hull: both deal with embedding reflexive graphs in the strong product of paths. We give several upper and lower bounds for the strong isometric dimension of general graphs; the exact strong isometric dimension for cycles and hypercubes; and the isometric dimension for trees is found to within a factor of two.

We investigate which switching classes do not contain a bipartite graph. Our final aim is a characterization by means of a set of critically non-bipartite graphs: they do not have a bipartite switch, but every induced proper subgraph does. In addition to the odd cycles, we list a number of exceptional cases and prove that these are indeed critically non-bipartite. Finally, we give a number of structural results towards proving the fact that we have indeed found them all. The search for critically...

Tree-like isometric subgraphs of hypercubes, or tree-like partial cubes as we shall call them, are a generalization of median graphs. Just as median graphs they capture numerous properties of trees, but may contain larger classes of graphs that may be easier to recognize than the class of median graphs. We investigate the structure of tree-like partial cubes, characterize them, and provide examples of similarities with trees and median graphs. For instance, we show that the cube graph of a tree-like...

Tree-like partial cubes were introduced in [B. Brešar, W. Imrich, S. Klavžar, Tree-like isometric subgraphs of hypercubes, Discuss. Math. Graph Theory, 23 (2003), 227-240] as a generalization of median graphs. We present some incorrectnesses from that article. In particular we point to a gap in the proof of the theorem about the dismantlability of the cube graph of a tree-like partial cube and give a new proof of that result, which holds also for a bigger class of graphs, so called tree-like partial...

The type of a face f of a planar map is a sequence of degrees of vertices of f as they are encountered when traversing the boundary of f. A set 𝒯 of face types is found such that in any normal planar map there is a face with type from 𝒯. The set 𝒯 has four infinite series of types as, in a certain sense, the minimum possible number. An analogous result is applied to obtain new upper bounds for the cyclic chromatic number of 3-connected planar maps.

A property of graphs is any class of graphs closed under isomorphism. A property of graphs is induced-hereditary and additive if it is closed under taking induced subgraphs and disjoint unions of graphs, respectively. Let ₁,₂, ...,ₙ be properties of graphs. A graph G is (₁,₂,...,ₙ)-partitionable (G has property ₁ º₂ º... ºₙ) if the vertex set V(G) of G can be partitioned into n sets V₁,V₂,..., Vₙ such that the subgraph $G\left[V_i\right]$ of G induced by Vi belongs to ${}_i$; i = 1,2,...,n. A property is said to be reducible...