A generalized Łoś ultraproduct theorem
It is consistent that there is a partial order (P,≤) of size such that every monotone function f:P → P is first order definable in (P,≤).
We give a self-contained introduction to universal homogeneous models (also known as rich models) in a general context where the notion of morphism is taken as primitive. We produce an example of an amalgamation class where each connected component has a saturated rich model but the theory of the rich models is not model-complete.
This paper is part II of a study on cardinals that are characterizable by a Scott sentence, continuing previous work of the author. A cardinal κ is characterized by a Scott sentence if has a model of size κ, but no model of size κ⁺. The main question in this paper is the following: Are the characterizable cardinals closed under the powerset operation? We prove that if is characterized by a Scott sentence, then is (homogeneously) characterized by a Scott sentence, for all 0 < β₁ < ω₁....