p-adic valuations of some sums of multinomial coefficients
By using polylogarithm series, we define “poly-Bernoulli numbers” which generalize classical Bernoulli numbers. We derive an explicit formula and a duality theorem for these numbers, together with a von Staudt-type theorem for di-Bernoulli numbers and another proof of a theorem of Vandiver.
For positive integers m, U and V, we obtain an asymptotic formula for the number of integer points (u,v) ∈ [1,U] × [1,V] which belong to the modular hyperbola uv ≡ 1 (mod m) and also have gcd(u,v) =1, which are also known as primitive points. Such points have a nice geometric interpretation as points on the modular hyperbola which are "visible" from the origin.
We show that if p ≠ 5 is a prime, then the numbers cover all the nonzero residue classes modulo p.
We show that if a > 1 is any fixed integer, then for a sufficiently large x>1, the nth Cullen number Cₙ = n2ⁿ +1 is a base a pseudoprime only for at most O(x log log x/log x) positive integers n ≤ x. This complements a result of E. Heppner which asserts that Cₙ is prime for at most O(x/log x) of positive integers n ≤ x. We also prove a similar result concerning the pseudoprimality to base a of the Woodall numbers given by Wₙ = n2ⁿ - 1 for all n ≥ 1.