The Magic World of Geometry - II. Geometry and Algebra of Braids.
Given a map f: X→Y and a Nielsen root class, there is a number associated to this root class, which is the minimal number of points among all root classes which are H-related to the given one for all homotopies H of the map f. We show that for maps between closed surfaces it is possible to deform f such that all the Nielsen root classes have cardinality equal to the minimal number if and only if either N R[f]≤1, or N R[f]>1 and f satisfies the Wecken property. Here N R[f] denotes the Nielsen...
Let G be a group with all subgroups subnormal. A normal subgroup N of G is said to be G-minimax if it has a finite G-invariant series whose factors are abelian and satisfy either max-G or min- G. It is proved that if the normal closure of every element of G is G-minimax then G is nilpotent and the normal closure of every element is minimax. Further results of this type are also obtained.
The Hurwitz action of the n-braid group Bₙ on the n-fold direct product of the m-braid group is studied. We show that the orbit of any n- tuple of the n standard generators of consists of the (n-1)th powers of n+1 elements.
The Ore conjecture, posed in 1951, states that every element of every finite non-abelian simple group is a commutator. Despite considerable effort, it remains open for various infinite families of simple groups. In this paper we develop new strategies, combining character-theoretic methods with other ingredients, and use them to establish the conjecture.
Topological Quantum Field Theories are closely related to representations of Mapping Class Groups of surfaces. Considering the case of the TQFTs derived from the Kauffman bracket, we describe the central extension coming from this representation, which is just a projective extension.