We discuss two ways to construct standard probability measures, called push-down measures, from internal probability measures. We show that the Wasserstein distance between an internal probability measure and its push-down measure is infinitesimal. As an application to standard probability theory, we show that every finitely-additive Borel probability measure $P$ on a separable metric space is a limit of a sequence of countably-additive Borel probability measures ${\left\{P_n\right\}}_{n\in \mathbb{N}}$ in the sense that $\int f\mathrm{d}P={lim}_{n\to \infty }\int f\mathrm{d}{P}_n$ for all bounded...

Let $T_{\gamma }f\left(x\right)={ʃ}_0^{x}k{(x,y)}^{\gamma }f\left(y\right)dy$, where k is a nonnegative kernel increasing in x, decreasing in y, and satisfying a triangle inequality. An nth-order Opial inequality has the form ${ʃ}_0^{\infty }({\prod }_{i=1}^n|T_{{\gamma }_i}{f\left(x\right)|}^{q_i}{\left|\right)\left|f\left(x\right)\right|}^{q_0}w\left(x\right)dx\le C({ʃ}_0^{\infty }{\left|f\left(x\right)\right|}^p{v\left(x\right)dx)}^{(q_0+\dots +q_n)/p}$. Such inequalities can always be simplified to nth-order reduced inequalities, where the exponent $q_0=0$. When n = 1, the reduced inequality is a standard weighted norm inequality, and characterizing the weights is easy. We also find necessary and sufficient conditions on the weights for second-order reduced Opial inequalities to hold.

First order characterizations of pseudoconvex functions are investigated in terms of generalized directional derivatives. A connection with the invexity is analysed. Well-known first order characterizations of the solution sets of pseudolinear programs are generalized to the case of pseudoconvex programs. The concepts of pseudoconvexity and invexity do not depend on a single definition of the generalized directional derivative.

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 90C46, 90C26, 26B25, 49J52.The constrained optimization problem min f(x), gj(x) ≤ 0 (j = 1,…p) is considered, where f : X → R and gj : X → R are nonsmooth functions with domain X ⊂ Rn. First-order necessary and first-order sufficient optimality conditions are obtained when gj are quasiconvex functions. Two are the main features of the paper: to treat nonsmooth problems it makes use of Dini derivatives; to obtain more sensitive conditions, it admits directionally...

Let (X, d) be a metric space and T: X → X a continuous map. If the sequence (T n)n∈ℕ of iterates of T is pointwise convergent in X, then for any x ∈ X, the limit $${\mu }_T\left(x\right)=\underset{n\to \infty }{lim}{T}^n\left(x\right)$$ is a fixed point of T. The problem of determining the form of µT leads to the invariance equation µT ○ T = µT, which is difficult to solve in general if the set of fixed points of T is not a singleton. We consider this problem assuming that X = I p, where I is a real interval, p ≥ 2 a fixed positive integer and T is the mean-type mapping...

Given a free ultrafilter p on ℕ we say that x ∈ [0, 1] is the p-limit point of a sequence (x n)n∈ℕ ⊂ [0, 1] (in symbols, x = p -limn∈ℕ x n) if for every neighbourhood V of x, {n ∈ ℕ: x n ∈ V} ∈ p. For a function f: [0, 1] → [0, 1] the function f p: [0, 1] → [0, 1] is defined by f p(x) = p -limn∈ℕ f n(x) for each x ∈ [0, 1]. This map is rarely continuous. In this note we study properties which are equivalent to the continuity of f p. For a filter F we also define the ω F-limit set of f at x. We consider...

In this paper we present F LQ, a quadratic complexity bound on the values of the positive roots of polynomials. This bound is an extension of FirstLambda, the corresponding linear complexity bound and, consequently, it is derived from Theorem 3 below. We have implemented FLQ in the Vincent-Akritas-Strzeboński Continued Fractions method (VAS-CF) for the isolation of real roots of polynomials and compared its behavior with that of the theoretically proven best bound, LM Q. Experimental results indicate...

Soit $\pi :V\to W$ un morphisme propre fini et surjectif entre deux variétés analytiques complexes. Nous donnons une caractérisation des fonctions (continues) sur $W$ qui sont de la forme ${\pi }_{*}f$ où $f$ est une fonction $C^{\infty }$ sur $V$. Pour cela nous introduisons la notion de fonction de type trace sur une variété analytique complexe. Ces fonctions sont analytiques réelles en dehors d’une hypersurface complexe et admettent des singularités très simples aux points de cette hypersurface.

On étudie les fonctions de deux variables réelles qui sont séparément analytiques sur un ouvert du plan. On montre que ces fonctions sont analytiques en tout point du domaine de définition hors d’un fermé de ce domaine dont les projections sur chacun des deux axes de coordonnées sont des ensembles polaires. Inversempent, pour tout tel fermé $F$, on construit une fonction séparément analytique dont le domaine d’analyticité est le complémentaire de $F$.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 26A33; 93C15, 93C55, 93B36, 93B35, 93B51; 03B42; 70Q05; 49N05This paper proposes a novel method to design an H∞ -optimal fractional order PID (FOPID) controller with ability to control the transient, steady-state response and stability margins characteristics. The method uses particle swarm optimization algorithm and operates based on minimizing a general cost function. Minimization of the cost function is carried out subject to the H∞ -norm; this norm is also...