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Flat hierarchy

Vassily O. Manturov (2005)

Fundamenta Mathematicae

We consider the hierarchy flats, a combinatorial generalization of flat virtual links proposed by Louis Kauffman. An approach to constructing invariants for hierarchy flats is presented; several examples are given.

Frobenius algebras and skein modules of surfaces in 3-manifolds

Uwe Kaiser (2009)

Banach Center Publications

For each (commutative) Frobenius algebra there is defined a skein module of surfaces embedded in a given 3-manifold and bounding a prescribed curve system in the boundary. The skein relations are local and generate the kernel of a certain natural extension of the corresponding topological quantum field theory. In particular the skein module of the 3-ball is isomorphic to the ground ring of the Frobenius algebra. We prove a presentation theorem for the skein module with generators incompressible...

Generalized n-colorings of links

Daniel Silver, Susan Williams (1998)

Banach Center Publications

The notion of an (n,r)-coloring for a link diagram generalizes the idea of an n-coloring introduced by R. H. Fox. For any positive integer n the various (n,r)-colorings of a diagram for an oriented link l correspond in a natural way to the periodic points of the representation shift Φ / n ( l ) of the link. The number of (n,r)-colorings of a diagram for a satellite knot is determined by the colorings of its pattern and companion knots together with the winding number.

Genus 2 Heegaard decompositions of small Seifert manifolds

Michel Boileau, D. J. Collins, H. Zieschang (1991)

Annales de l'institut Fourier

The genus 2 Heegaard splittings and decompositions of Seifert manifolds over S with 3 exeptional fibres are classified with respect to isotopies and homeomorphisms. In general there are 3 different isotopy classes of Heegaard splittings and 6 different isotopy classes of Heegaard decompositions. Moreover, we determine when a homeomorphism class is not an isotopy class.

Geometric types of twisted knots

Mohamed Aït-Nouh, Daniel Matignon, Kimihiko Motegi (2006)

Annales mathématiques Blaise Pascal

Let K be a knot in the 3 -sphere S 3 , and Δ a disk in S 3 meeting K transversely in the interior. For non-triviality we assume that | Δ K | 2 over all isotopies of K in S 3 - Δ . Let K Δ , n ( S 3 ) be a knot obtained from K by n twistings along the disk Δ . If the original knot is unknotted in S 3 , we call K Δ , n a twisted knot. We describe for which pair ( K , Δ ) and an integer n , the twisted knot K Δ , n is a torus knot, a satellite knot or a hyperbolic knot.

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