Herein, we develop a backward stochastic differential equation (BSDE) valuation of securities with default risk. Consequently, the optimal recovery problem with quasi-linear utility functions is discussed with the help of the stochastic maximum principle. Finally, two important examples: the exponential and power utility cases are studied and their business implications are considered.
Based on a novel extension of classical Hoeffding-Fréchet bounds, we provide an upper VaR bound for joint risk portfolios with fixed marginal distributions and positive dependence information. The positive dependence information can be assumed to hold in the tails, in some central part, or on a general subset of the domain of the distribution function of a risk portfolio. The newly provided VaR bound can be interpreted as a comonotonic VaR computed at a distorted confidence level and its quality...
We propose a variational analysis for a Black and Scholes equation with stochastic volatility. This equation gives the price of a European option as a function of the time, of the price of the underlying asset and of the volatility when the volatility is a function of a mean reverting Orstein-Uhlenbeck process, possibly correlated with the underlying asset. The variational analysis involves weighted Sobolev spaces. It enables to prove qualitative properties of the solution, namely a maximum principle...
We propose a variational analysis for a Black and Scholes equation with stochastic volatility. This equation gives the price of a European option as a function of the time, of the price of the underlying asset and of the volatility when the volatility is a function of a mean reverting Orstein-Uhlenbeck process, possibly correlated with the underlying asset. The variational analysis involves weighted Sobolev spaces. It enables to prove qualitative properties of the solution, namely a maximum principle...
Plant growth depends essentially on nutrients coming from the roots and metabolites produced by the plant. Appearance of new branches is determined by concentrations of certain plant hormones. The most important of them are Auxin and Cytokinin. Auxin is produced in the growing, Cytokinin in either roots or in growing parts. Many dynamical models of this phenomena have been studied in [1]. In [5], the authors deal with one branch model. In this work,...
Parameter sensitivities of prices for derivative contracts play an important role in model calibration as well as in quantification of model risk. In this paper a unified approach to the efficient numerical computation of all sensitivities for Markovian market models is presented. Variational approximations of the integro-differential equations corresponding to the infinitesimal generators of the market model differentiated with respect to the model parameters are employed. Superconvergent approximations...
The article focuses on the analysis of APR, annual percentage rate, from the point of view of the frequency of instalments. It is an idicator which shows real expenses connected to consumer credits which also takes into account time value of money. Nevertheless, it is not always the main criterion when deciding which loan to take. Clients usually decide according to the size of instalments and lending rate only. The article also includes the comparison of the rate, the coefficient of increase and...