We call the digraph D an m-coloured digraph if the arcs of D are coloured with m colours. A directed path is called monochromatic if all of its arcs are coloured alike. A set N of vertices of D is called a kernel by monochromatic paths if for every pair of vertices of N there is no monochromatic path between them and for every vertex v ∉ N there is a monochromatic path from v to N. We denote by A⁺(u) the set of arcs of D that have u as the initial vertex. We prove that if D is an m-coloured 3-quasitransitive...

We call the digraph D an m-coloured digraph if the arcs of D are coloured with m colours and all of them are used. A directed path is called monochromatic if all of its arcs are coloured alike. A set N of vertices of D is called a kernel by monochromatic paths if for every pair of vertices there is no monochromatic path between them and for every vertex v in V(D)∖N there is a monochromatic path from v to some vertex in N. We denote by A⁺(u) the set of arcs of D that have u as the initial...

Let D be a digraph, V(D) and A(D) will denote the sets of vertices and arcs of D, respectively. We call the digraph D an m-coloured digraph if each arc of D is coloured by an element of {1,2,...,m} where m ≥ 1. A directed path is called monochromatic if all of its arcs are coloured alike. A set N of vertices of D is called a kernel by monochromatic paths if there is no monochromatic path between two vertices of N and if for every vertex v not in N there is a monochromatic path from v to some vertex...

We study graphs whose vertices possess the same value of betweenness centrality (which is defined as the sum of relative numbers of shortest paths passing through a given vertex). Extending previously known results of S. Gago, J. Hurajová, T. Madaras (2013), we show that, apart of cycles, such graphs cannot contain 2-valent vertices and, moreover, are 3-connected if their diameter is 2. In addition, we prove that the betweenness uniformity is satisfied in a wide graph family of semi-symmetric graphs,...

For given graphs G₁,G₂,...,Gₖ, k ≥ 2, the multicolor Ramsey number R(G₁,G₂,...,Gₖ) is the smallest integer n such that if we arbitrarily color the edges of the complete graph on n vertices with k colors, then it is always a monochromatic copy of some $G_i$, for 1 ≤ i ≤ k. We give a lower bound for k-color Ramsey number R(Cₘ,Cₘ,...,Cₘ), where m ≥ 8 is even and Cₘ is the cycle on m vertices. In addition, we provide exact values for Ramsey numbers R(P₃,Cₘ,Cₚ), where P₃ is the path on 3 vertices, and several...

It is shown in this note that some matching-related properties of graphs, such as their factor-criticality, regularizability and the existence of perfect 2-matchings, are preserved when iterating Mycielski's construction.

Chartrand et al. (2004) have given an upper bound for the nearly antipodal chromatic number $a{c}^{\text{'}}\left(P_n\right)$ as $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n-2}{2}\right)+2$ for $n\ge 9$ and have found the exact value of $a{c}^{\text{'}}\left(P_n\right)$ for $n=5,6,7,8$. Here we determine the exact values of $a{c}^{\text{'}}\left(P_n\right)$ for $n\ge 8$. They are $2p^2-6p+8$ for $n=2p$ and $2p^2-4p+6$ for $n=2p+1$. The exact value of the radio antipodal number $ac\left(P_n\right)$ for the path $P_n$ of order $n$ has been determined by Khennoufa and Togni in 2005 as $2p^2-2p+3$ for $n=2p+1$ and $2p^2-4p+5$ for $n=2p$. Although the value of $ac\left(P_n\right)$ determined there is correct, we found a mistake in the proof of the lower bound when $n=2p$ (Theorem $6$). However,...

Let $G=\left(V\right(G),E(G\left)\right)$ be a simple graph and $E_G\left(v\right)$ denote the set of edges incident with a vertex $v$. A neighbor sum distinguishing (NSD) total coloring $\phi$ of $G$ is a proper total coloring of $G$ such that ${\sum }_{z\in E_G\left(u\right)\cup \left\{u\right\}}\phi \left(z\right)\ne {\sum }_{z\in E_G\left(v\right)\cup \left\{v\right\}}\phi \left(z\right)$ for each edge $uv\in E\left(G\right)$. Pilśniak and Woźniak asserted in 2015 that each graph with maximum degree $\Delta$ admits an NSD total $(\Delta +3)$-coloring. We prove that the list version of this conjecture holds for any IC-planar graph with $\Delta \ge 11$ but without $5$-cycles by applying the Combinatorial Nullstellensatz.

We create and discuss several modifications to traditional graph coloring. In particular, we classify various notions of coloring in a proper hierarchy. We concentrate on grid graphs whose colorings can be represented by natural number entries in arrays with various restrictions.

In this paper we present theoretical and algorithmic results for the computation of lower bounds on the chromatic number of a weighted graph. In particular, we study different ways of a possible improvement of the lower bound offered by a maximum weighted clique. Based on our findings we devise new algorithms and show their performance on random graphs.

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 05C55.For a given graph G let V(G) and E(G) denote the vertex and the edge set of G respevtively. The symbol G e → (a1, …, ar) means that in every r-coloring of E(G) there exists a monochromatic ai-clique of color i for some i ∈ {1,…,r}. The edge Folkman numbers are defined by the equality Fe(a1, …, ar; q) = min{|V(G)| : G e → (a1, …, ar; q) and cl(G) < q}. In this paper we prove a new upper bound on the edge Folkman number Fe(3,5;13), namely Fe(3,5;13)...