Let $A$ be a square $(0,1)$-matrix. Then $A$ is a Hall matrix provided it has a nonzero permanent. The Hall exponent of $A$ is the smallest positive integer $k$, if such exists, such that $A^k$ is a Hall matrix. The Hall exponent has received considerable attention, and we both review and expand on some of its properties. Viewing $A$ as the adjacency matrix of a digraph, we prove several properties of the Hall exponents of line digraphs with some emphasis on line digraphs of tournament (matrices).

For a strong oriented graph D of order n and diameter d and an integer k with 1 ≤ k ≤ d, the kth power $D^k$ of D is that digraph having vertex set V(D) with the property that (u, v) is an arc of $D^k$ if the directed distance ${}^{\to }{d}_D(u,v)$ from u to v in D is at most k. For every strong digraph D of order n ≥ 2 and every integer k ≥ ⌈n/2⌉, the digraph $D^k$ is Hamiltonian and the lower bound ⌈n/2⌉ is sharp. The digraph $D^k$ is distance-colored if each arc (u, v) of $D^k$ is assigned the color i where $i{=}^{\to }{d}_D(u,v)$. The digraph $D^k$ is Hamiltonian-colored...

Let $(H,r)$ be a fixed rooted digraph. The $(H,r)$-coloring problem is the problem of deciding for which rooted digraphs $(G,s)$ there is a homomorphism $f:G\to H$ which maps the vertex $s$ to the vertex $r$. Let $(H,r)$ be a rooted oriented path. In this case we characterize the nonexistence of such a homomorphism by the existence of a rooted oriented cycle $(C,q)$, which is homomorphic to $(G,s)$ but not homomorphic to $(H,r)$. Such a property of the digraph $(H,r)$ is called rooted cycle duality or $*$-cycle duality. This extends the analogical result for...

Graph algebras establish a connection between directed graphs without multiple edges and special universal algebras of type (2,0). We say that a graph G satisfies an identity s ≈ t if the corresponding graph algebra A(G) satisfies s ≈ t. A graph G = (V,E) is called a transitive graph if the corresponding graph algebra A(G) satisfies the equation x(yz) ≈ (xz)(yz). An identity s ≈ t of terms s and t of any type t is called a hyperidentity of an algebra A̲ if whenever the operation symbols occurring...