This article provides necessary and sufficient conditions for both of the Diophantine equations X^2 − DY^2 = m1 and x^2 − Dy^2 = m2 to have primitive solutions when m1 , m2 ∈ Z, and D ∈ N is not a perfect square. This is given in terms of the ideal theory of the underlying real quadratic order Z[√D].

We define a sequence of rational integers $u_i\left(E\right)$ for each finite index subgroup E of the group of units in some finite Galois number fields K in which prime p ramifies. For two subgroups E’ ⊂ E of finite index in the group of units of K we prove the formula $v_p\left([E:E^{\text{'}}]\right)={\sum }_{i=1}^r{u}_i\left(E^{\text{'}}\right)-u_i\left(E\right)$. This is a generalization of results of P. Dénes [3], [4] and F. Kurihara [5].

For each global field of positive characteristic we exhibit many examples of two-variable algebraic functions possessing properties consistent with a conjectural refinement of the Stark conjecture in the function field case recently proposed by the author. All the examples are Coleman units. We obtain our results by studying rank one shtukas in which both zero and pole are generic, i. e., shtukas not associated to any Drinfeld module.

Let $p$ be a prime number, and let $k$ be an imaginary quadratic number field in which $p$ decomposes into two primes $𝔭$ and $\overline{𝔭}$. Let $k_{\infty }$ be the unique ${\mathbb{Z}}_p$-extension of $k$ which is unramified outside of $𝔭$, and let $K_{\infty }$ be a finite extension of $k_{\infty }$, abelian over $k$. Let ${𝒰}_{\infty }/{𝒞}_{\infty }$ be the projective limit of principal semi-local units modulo elliptic units. We prove that the various modules of invariants and coinvariants of ${𝒰}_{\infty }/{𝒞}_{\infty }$ are finite. Our approach uses distributions and the $p$-adic $\mathrm{L}$-function, as defined in [5].

We study the minimal number of elements of maximal order occurring in a zero-sumfree sequence over a finite Abelian p-group. For this purpose, and in the general context of finite Abelian groups, we introduce a new number, for which lower and upper bounds are proved in the case of finite Abelian p-groups. Among other consequences, our method implies that, if we denote by exp(G) the exponent of the finite Abelian p-group G considered, every zero-sumfree sequence S with maximal possible length over...