Of Torus and Turk's-Head Knots: A Polar Trigonometric Modeling
The following problem is investigated: «Find an elementary function such that if is a knot diagram with crossings and the corresponding knot is trivial, then there is a sequence of Reidemeister moves that proves triviality such that at each step we have less than crossings». The problem is shown to be equivalent to a problem posed by D. Welsh in [7] and solved by geometrical techniques (normal surfaces).
We discuss relations among several invariants of 3-manifolds including Meyer's function, the η-invariant, the von Neumann ρ-invariant and the Casson invariant from the viewpoint of the mapping class group of a surface.
We define a type of biquandle which is a generalization of symplectic quandles. We use the extra structure of these bilinear biquandles to define new knot and link invariants and give some examples.
Let be a compact, orientable, irreducible 3-manifold with a torus. We show that there can be infinitely many slopes on realized by the boundary curves of immersed, incompressible, - incompressible surfaces in which are embedded in a neighborhood of .