Magnifying elements of transformation semigroups.
Let ϕ be a surjective map on the space of n×n complex matrices such that r(ϕ(A)-ϕ(B))=r(A-B) for all A,B, where r(X) is the spectral radius of X. We show that ϕ must be a composition of five types of maps: translation, multiplication by a scalar of modulus one, complex conjugation, taking transpose and (simultaneous) similarity. In particular, ϕ is real linear up to a translation.
This paper concerns two notions of rank of fuzzy matrices: maximal column rank and column rank. We investigate the difference of them. We also characterize the linear operators which preserve the maximal column rank of fuzzy matrices. That is, a linear operator T preserves maximal column rank if and only if it has the form T(X) = UXV with some invertible fuzzy matrices U and V.
Let be a complex, separable Hilbert space of finite or infinite dimension, and let ℬ() be the algebra of all bounded operators on . It is shown that if φ: ℬ() → ℬ() is a multiplicative map(not assumed linear) and if φ is sufficiently close to a linear automorphism of ℬ() in some uniform sense, then it is actually an automorphism; as such, there is an invertible operator S in ℬ() such that for all A in ℬ(). When is finite-dimensional, similar results are obtained with the mere assumption that there...